Cổ phiếu không trả một dividend (see below for extensions to handle dividend payments).
Những giả thiết trên đã dẫn tới công thức sau cho giá C của một European call option với giá lúc thi hành là K trên một cổ phiếu đang được trao đổi ở giá S, i.e., nghĩa là quyền được mua một cổ phần của một cổ phiếu ở giá K sau T năm. Lãi suất cố định là r, và giá trị biến động là σ.
Interpretation: Φ(d1) and Φ(d2) are the probabilities of exercise under the equivalent exponential martingale probability measure (numéraire = stock) and the equivalent martingale probability measure (numéraire = risk free asset), respectively. The equivalent martingale probability measure is also called the risk neutral probability measure. Note that both of these are "probabilities" in a measure theoretic sense, and neither of these is the true probability of exercise under the real probability measure.
The Greeks under the Black–Scholes model are calculated below:
What
Calls
Puts
delta
gamma
vega
theta
rho
Here, is the standard normal probability density function. Note that the gamma and vega formulas are the same for calls and puts. This can be seen directly from put-call parity.
In practice, some sensitivities are usually quoted in scaled-down terms, to match the scale of likely changes in the parameters. For example, rho is often reported divided by 10.000 (1bp rate change), vega by 100 (1 vol point change), and theta by 365 or 252 (1 day decay based on either calendar days or trading days per year).
Tham khảo
Tham khảo chính
Black, Fischer; Myron Scholes (1973). “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities”. Journal of Political Economy81 (3): 637–654. DOI:10.1086/260062. [1] (Black and Scholes' original paper.)
Merton, Robert C. (1973). “Theory of Rational Option Pricing”. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science4 (1): 141–183. DOI:10.2307/3003143. [2]
Các khía cạnh lịch sử và xã hội
Bernstein, Peter. Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street, The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-903012-9.
MacKenzie, Donald (2003). “An Equation and its Worlds: Bricolage, Exemplars, Disunity and Performativity in Financial Economics”. Social Studies of Science33 (6): 831–868. DOI:10.1177/0306312703336002. [3]
MacKenzie, Donald; Yuval Millo (2003). “Constructing a Market, Performing Theory: The Historical Sociology of a Financial Derivatives Exchange”. American Journal of Sociology109 (1): 107–145. DOI:10.1086/374404. [4]
MacKenzie, Donald. An Engine, not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets, MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13460-8.
Trillion Dollar Bet—Companion Web site to a Nova episode originally broadcast on February 8, 2000. "The film tells the fascinating story of the invention of the Black-Scholes Formula, a mathematical Holy Grail that forever altered the world of finance and earned its creators the 1997 Nobel Prize in Economics."